How does HorStem work?
The mechanism of action of HorStem is illustrated in the figure on the right. Mesenchymal stem cells are activated in the synovium by inflammatory cytokines. In response, they secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines such as Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).
While PGE2 is primarily known for its pro-inflammatory effects, it also plays a crucial role in regulating inflammation. It is one of the major immunomodulatory cytokines in the body.
When applied to horses with OA, HorStem inhibits T-cell proliferation, reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha, and decreases the presence of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that contribute to the breakdown of cartilage's extracellular matrix. Studies have shown that these effects are mediated by PGE2. (1)
Moreover, umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells stimulate the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and TGF-beta. As the inflammatory response ceases